Abstract
Back ground and objective
Cancer of cervix is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women world wide. So there is a need to develop an effective screening test to curb the disease, which should have good sensitivity and specificity. The present study is to compare the effectiveness of visual inspection after acetic acid and visual inspection after Lugol’s iodine as an adjunct test for Pap smear to improve its sensitivity and specificity.
Material and methods
This is a prospective study in which 50 women were screened. First Pap smear was taken followed by VIA, VILI. If positive in visual inspection methods, cervical biopsy is taken.
Results
Of 50 women, 21 had Pap as normal. Of 21, 19 were
negative for VIA, VILI. 2 women positive for both VIA,VILI. 27 had inflammatory smear. Of these 12 were positive for VIA, VILI.one shows dysplasia in Pap and histology shows chronic nonspecific cervicitis. two women who showed dysplasia in histology of these one had inflammatory smear in Pap and 1 had dysplasia in Pap also. These two were positive for VILI but one negative in VIA. Sensitivity of Pap, VIA, VILI individually were 58.6%, 38.46%, 42.85% respectively. Specificity of these 3 tests individually is 93.3%, 71.3%, 86.36% respectively. But sensitivity of Pap when combined with VIA, VILI is 100% and specificity is 80%.
Conclusion
The present study showed that Pap smear when combined with VIA, VILI had 100% sensitivity but with no improvement in specificity.
Author Archives: admin
HAEMODYNAMIC CHANGES AND SIDE EFFECTS WHEN CLONIDINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE ADDED AS AN ADJUVANT TO BUPIVACAINE IN COMBINED SPINAL EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA FOR POST OPERATIVE PATIENTS
Abstract
Introduction: Various modalities have been tried for the management of postoperative pain. Clonidine is an alpha-2 receptor agonist. Dexmedetomidine is a super selective alpha–2 agonist made up of medetomidine’s dextrogyrous enatiomer. They produce analgesia with haemodynamic changes and minimum side effects.
Methods: A clinical study of 70 cases of ASA grade 1 & 2 between the age group 25-65yrs undergoing abdominal, obstetrical, gynaecological and orthopaedic surgeries under epidural anaesthesia. . At the end of surgery patients were allocated to receive either of Group – C Clonidine 2 g /kg with 5 ml of Normal saline. (No = 35) or Group – D Dexmeditomidine 1g /kg with 5 ml of Normal saline. (No = 35). Cardio-respiratory effects like Pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and side effects like nausea, vomiting, pruritus, hypotension, sedation, respiratory depression were studied. Continuous data was analyzed by student’s “t”-test and categorical data by Chi-square test and possible significance has been determined considering it statistically significant if it’s P < 0.05 level of significance.
Results: In comparison of Group C and Group D , by highly significant difference in systolic blood pressure was seen from 0 min till 6 hrs in both the groups. Diastolic blood pressure was seen from 0 min till 6hrs and the difference was found to be statistically highly significant. Highly significant difference in pulse rate was seen from 15 min till 120 min in both the groups. Highly significant difference in respiratory rate was seen from 0 min till 6 hrs in both groups. It is observed that the incidence of nausea vomiting was comparable in both groups (5.71% in Group C as compared to 2.85% in Group D). 3 patients in Group C out of 35 had shivering (8.57%) while no shivering was observed in Group D.
Conclusion: In our study, post operative arterial pressure and heart rate were slightly lower in both clonidine and dexmedetomidine group but the onset of fall and duration was longer in dexmedetomidine group. Although the incidence of nausea and vomiting were less in dexmedetomidine groups, the difference was not statistically significant between both groups.
2016040214,HAEMODYNAMIC CHANGES AND SIDE EFFECTS WHEN CLONIDINE AND DEXMEDETOMIDINE ADDED AS AN ADJUVANT TO BUPIVACAINE…pdf.
Freedom and Equality in Communism and Democracy: An Exposition
Abstract
The ideal of equality and freedom is important to our age. The idea that everyone is born equal, equal before God and under the law sets up the capable desire that everyone merits the same chance to impact the course of government. Communism and Democracy both grapple on the premises of freedom and equality for its natives. Marx trusted that in a communist state man will be able to engage in whatever occupation he sort for and would be free from alienation inherent in the capitalist society. Democracy on the other hand also tries to ensure freedom and equality to its population. The right to speak freely, affiliation and participation in government are all attributes of democracy. This paper tries to investigate the idea of freedom inherent in these two frameworks of government. Toward the end, the paper noted that the concept of freedom and equality inherent in both systems are burr. It is not clearly defined and it is almost not achievable.
2016040213,Freedom and Equality in Communism and Democracy: An Exposition pdf.
MIDAZOLAM WITH BUPIVACAINE 0.5% IMPROVES ANALGESIA QUALITY IN BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK BY SUPRACLAVICULAR APPROACH IN POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
Abstract
Objective: To compare the efficacy of Bupivacaine 0.5% with Midazolam & Bupivacaine 0.5% used for supraclavicular approach to brachial plexus block in adult patients postoperatively.
Study Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.
Place and Duration of Study: Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Chidambaram, from April 2015 to August 2016.
Methodology: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 ASA- 1 or 2 adult patients undergoing upper limb surgeries under supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 30 each. Patients in group M were administered 27.5 ml of 0.5 % Bupivacaine with 2.5 ml of Midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) and those in group B were administered 27.5 ml of 0.5% Bupivacaine with 2.5 ml of distilled water. Hemodynamic varaiables (heart rate, blood pressure), pain scores and rescue analgesic requirements were recorded for 24 hours postoperatively, and compared using unpaired student’s t- test with significance at p < 0.05.
Results: The duration of sensory and motor block was significantly longer in group M compared to group B (p < 0.05). Duration of analgesia was prolonged in group M compared to group B. Hemodynamics did not differ between the groups in the studied period.
Conclusion: Bupivacaine (0.5%) in combination with Midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) prolonged the duration of motor and sensory blockade and duration of analgesia of brachial plexus block for upper limb surgery.
2016040212dr.MIDAZOLAM WITH BUPIVACAINE 0.5% IMPROVES ANALGESIA QUALITY IN BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCK BY SUPRACLAVICULAR APPROACH IN POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD pdf
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF THE PREVALENCE OF CENTRAL OBESITY IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED TYPE 2 DIABETICS
Abstract
Background: The study was conducted with an aim to estimate the prevalence of central obesity in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of central obesity in patients who have been newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the past 3 months. 100 patients participated in our study, in whom waist circumference was measured as a surrogate for visceral adipose tissue by measuring at the horizontal plane above the iliac crest1. Cut-off values for waist circumference were derived from Modified NCEP:ATP III (National Cholesterol Education Programme: ATP III Control Panel) criteria.
Results: Among the 100 study participants, the maximum number of participants belonged to the age group 40-50 years (53%). 24% of participants were obese with a BMI ≥30 and 32% were overweight with a BMI of 25-29.9. 69% of participants had high waist circumference according to the modified NCEP ATP III criteria whereas 31% of the participants had a normal waist circumference. Among the 69 participants who had high waist circumference, 43(62%) were females and 26 (38%) were males.
Conclusion: There was higher prevalence of central obesity in females who were newly diagnosed diabetics. Waist circumference is a better measure of central obesity than BMI.
INTRA OPERATIVE EFFECT OF INTRATHECAL HYPERBARIC BUPIVACAINE WITH MIDAZOLAM AND HYPERBARIC BUPIVACAINE ALONE IN LOWER LIMB AND LOWER ABDOMINAL SURGERIES
Abstract
Spinal anaesthesia is effective in the management of perioperative pain which extends into the initial post-operative period. In order to maximize intraoperative pain free period numerous techniques and newer drugs have been tried. In this study, the anesthetic properties of 12.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 0.4 ml of normal saline and 12.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 2 mg of midazolam given intrathecally were compared. A hundred ASA physical status I and II patients, posted for various elective lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries were studied. The patients were divided into two groups of fifty each:
Group A – Received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 12.5 mg + 0.4 ml of Normal saline
Group B – Received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 12.5 mg + 2 mg of midazolam.
Addition of 2 mg of midazolam to hyperbaric bupivacaine does not alter the onset and level of sensory and motor block. The time taken for two segment regression was significantly prolonged in Group B (Group A – 78.9; Group B 87.2min).The time taken for maximum sensory blockade was significantly prolonged in Group B(Group A –7.4min; Group B – 5.5min). More number of the mean arterial pressure changes from baseline values varied from 6.76% for patients in group B compared with 5.41% group A. there was 8% fall in the mean pulse rate from the baseline in group B compared to 9.7% in group A.
With the above findings it is evident that the use of 2mg of intrathecal midazolam as an adjuvant to hyperbaric bupivacaine in lower limb and lower abdominal surgeries is beneficial in several aspects and scored over the use of hyperbaric bupivacaine alone without side effects.
CONSERVATIONAND MASS PRODUCTION OF DENDROBIUM DENSIFLORUM WALL–IN VITRO
Abstract
An efficient system for propagation of Dendrobium densiflorum Wall. a medicinally important orchid, through in vitro symbiotic seed germination has been established. Mature seeds from 8months old green pods of Dendrobium densiflorum were inoculated on different culture media viz., Murashige and Skoog (MS), Nitsch and Nitsch (NN), Gamborg et al. (B5) and Knudson C (KC) without phytohorrmone supplementation. MS medium proved to be the best as about 94% of the seeds gave complete plantlets with well-developed roots and shoots within 90 days. About 7 months-old plantlets hardened in a compost mixture comprising brick, charcoal, decaying litter in a ratio of 1:1:1 and a layer of moss on top showed survival percentage of 71.
201604027 CONSERVATIONAND MASS PRODUCTION OF DENDROBIUM DENSIFLORUM WALL–IN VITRO pdf
CONSERVATION OF SOME ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA – A REVIEW
Abstract
The present study deal with identification of rare, endanger and threatened plants in India, In this investigation more than 500 rare, endangered and threatened plant species belongs to more than 50 families were identified and documented. Names of plants and RET category was gathered from IUCN annual reports and standard research articles. Finally it has been suggested that the RET medicinal plants are need to be proper conservation and management plans before it lost for ever.
201604029 CONSERVATION OF SOME ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN INDIA – A REVIEW pdf
STUDIES ON SOME IMPORTANTMEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR USES – A REVIEW
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to review recent advances in plant drug research and developments in orchid study, in an attempt to provide useful references for plant drug studies. Plants have been used as medicine for millennia. Out of estimated 250 000 to 350 000plant species identified so far, about 35 000 are used worldwide for medicinal purposes. It has been confirmed by WHO that herbal medicines serve the health needs of about 80 percent of the world’s population; especially for millions of people in the vast rural areas of developing countries. Meanwhile, consumers in developed countries are becoming disillusioned with modern healthcare and are seeking alternatives. The recent resurgence of plant remedies results from several factors: 1) the effectiveness of plant medicines; 2) the side effect of most modern drugs; and 3) the development of science and technology. It has been estimated that in the mid-1990s over 200companies and research organizations worldwide are screening plant and animal compounds for medicinal properties. Actually, several important drugs used in modern medicine have come from medicinal plant studies, eg, vinblastine, As for drugs derived from orchids, some novel discoveries, both in phytochemical and pharmacological properties, were reported by some universities. However, studies on plants are very limited. Only about a third of the million or so species of higher plants have been identified and named by scientists. Of those named, only a tiny fraction has been studied. Nowadays the linking of the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants to modern research activities provides a new approach, which makes the rate of discovery of drugs much more effective than with random collection.
201604028 STUDIES ON SOME IMPORTANTMEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR USES – A REVIEW pdf
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANO PARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY USING LEAF EXTRACT OF CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L.S
Abstract
Plant extracts are a cost effective, ecologically friendly, and efficient alternative for the large scale synthesis of nanoparticles. In the present study, calophyllum inophyllum. Leaf extract was used for silver nanoparticles synthesis by the reduction of silver ions. A change in colour to dark brown indicated the formation of silver nanoparticles. The formed silver nanoparticles were further characterized by UV spectral analysis, FTIR and scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) . UV analysis gave a prominent peak at which is characteristic to the silver nanoparticles. FTIR analysis revealed the compounds responsible for the formation of nanoparticles. SEM studies indicated that the formed particles were spherical in shape and most of the particles were within the range 70 to 100 nm. The antimicrobial property of the particles was also tested.
201604026 ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANO PARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY USING LEAF EXTRACT